You cannot view those locations. They are used by the OS on your device only for things like Map suggestions/Stolen Device Protection and not even Apple knows what they are. Your iPhone is not a personal tracking device that is going to disclose every location you visited. If you want a personal tracking device, there are third party apps in the App Store that will do that for you after you give them permission to your Location.
At one time that was possible, but I am sure you can see how that information could be abused by an overprotective partner or even by law enforcement if they were able to get that information from your device. They can get your location data from your cell provider with a subpoena, but Apple is not able to give that to them because they don't have it and it is not viewable on the device.