I believe that you can launch Mail while holding the key. Then, check Mail menu > Settings > Extensions. Remove any extensions that have been added. You may also want to look at the Accounts tab in settings and uncheck "Enable this account" for any account that you suspect may have a problematic message. Then, if the email service offers it, I would suggest using webmail to view messages there for any oddly named messages or messages that have enormous attachments. If you can use webmail to clean up the offending message and empty the trash, Mail may recover once you re-enable that account on the Mac.
If your email accounts are using modern protocols, then the best solution may be to remove all of the accounts from Mail, reboot, and then add the accounts back to Mail one at a time ensuring that Mail works correctly before adding the next back. Just do not do this if your mail accounts use the old POP protocol as your mail may only be stored on that Mac and would be lost.