iPhone freezes upon entering last digit of passcode; needs data transfer

My iPhone 12 freezes after entering the last digit of my passcode. After around 10-20 seconds the screen turns black with the loading symbol, at which point it goes back to the lock screen. All I need is to be able to put the password in so that I can transfer it's data to my new iPhone 13 pro (I ran out of iCloud storage a long time ago and was stupid enough to have not backed up my phone since 2024). I have read of similar experiences from people, and followed the advice given, with no changes. These are: hard reboot, forced update, charging it, and just turning it on and off again and again. I even went into the Apple Store for advice and they only tried the same things I did.

Does anyone have any other ideas that I could try? My last idea is potentially being able to free up storage on my phone remotely by deleting data from iCloud, since I read that this issue is probably due to my storage being too full (I barely had storage to take a single photo for a while, although I did free up around 5 GB before this issue occurred). Could this work? Any ideas are welcome!