it's going to be hard to do this as as one-shot thing, because Numbers always assumes that all cells in a given row is associated with the other cells in that row, so it's not going to associate J17 with A1 under any normal circumstances.
It IS possible to get it to use Column A for the labels, but it will used whatever value is in A17 as the label for the data point J17 since they're on the same row.
The simplest solution for you, though, is an intermediary table.
Just create a new table that's two columns wide and has enough rows for what you're trying to plot (e.g. 15).
In this table, set cell A1 to:
=Table 1::A1:A15
(adjust the table name to match the table with your data if it's not called 'Table 1')
Set cell B2 to:
=Table 1::J17:J31
Now your intermediary table 'pulls' the data from your main table. Mark column A as a header column (Inspector -> Format -> Table -> Header rows and columns and you're one click away from creating a chart of your data.
The nice thing about this is that it's trivial to adjust the data you're charting. You only need to change the value in cell B1 to point to the data range you want and the chart will reflect that change.
Here's my example.

The Source Data in Table 1 contains the labels in Header Column A, and a series of values in column D
In my intermediate table you can see the formulas used in A1 and B1, which simply pull respective chunks of data from Table 1.
The chart is built off Table 2
Since the values and category labels align, there's no question as to how to align the datapoints.