Hi Justin,
Thank you for clarifying — this inverse behavior is actually quite revealing and points to a specific iCloud/Books behavior that's different from the standard scenario I described.
Here's what's likely happening:
**Why turning OFF Books increases the backup size:**
When Apple Books is toggled ON in iCloud Backup settings, it typically uses iCloud Drive sync (not the iCloud Backup) to store its PDF data. So while it appears in the Backup Details list, the actual data is being offloaded to iCloud Drive, keeping your backup size smaller.
When you toggle Books OFF in iCloud Backup, iOS may switch the PDF storage method — it can move that ~40GB of PDF data OUT of iCloud Drive sync and INTO the regular device backup, causing the backup size to jump.
**Regarding Files app vs Books app:**
Yes, this is directly related. PDFs that live in iCloud Drive (accessible via the Files app) and PDFs inside the Books app can overlap in iCloud's accounting. When you disable Books from Backup, the system may re-categorize those PDFs as device data to be included in the regular backup.
**What to try:**
1. Check Settings > [Your Name] > iCloud > iCloud Drive and see how much storage Books/PDFs are using there
2. Go to Settings > [Your Name] > iCloud > Manage Account Storage > Backups > [Your iPhone] and check what's listed under Books
3. Try toggling Books ON in backup and waiting for iCloud to sync before checking the Next Backup Size again
The '+Zero KB' for new PDFs may also confirm iCloud Drive is handling them (not the backup).
This is likely a known quirk of how iCloud handles Books/PDF data. You may want to submit feedback via Feedback Assistant for Apple to clarify the documentation.