> ... in Numbers you can only lock an entire worksheet and not individual cells
Not quite...
There's an intermediate level in Numbers that is different from Excel.
In Excel, you have a single, massive Sheet.
Sheets contain rows and columns that constitute cells.
In Numbers, a Sheet is a blank page
That blank page can contain any number of Tables.
Tables contain rows and columns that constitute cells.
That middle layer is key here - and it may or may not solve your specific problem... but Numbers supports locking of tables, but not individual cells.
Therefore, if you're migrating from Excel, you may need to adjust your workflow to accommodate the difference. For example, if you have a series of values that you want to protect, you can put them in a separate table (either on the same sheet or on a different sheet) and use references to them. That discrete table can be locked, leaving the rest of the cells in other tables fully editable. It all depends on what your goals are.