The screenshots confirm this is the standard macOS "Passwords Is Locked" authentication dialog.
It is not an error message by itself, it appears whenever a background process requests access to passwords or passkeys stored in the Passwords app.
Since you have seen it appear while using both Mail and Photoshop, it is unlikely that either application is the direct cause.
A background service such as Mail, Adobe Creative Cloud, iCloud Keychain syncing, or another login item is more likely requesting access, causing macOS to bring the Passwords unlock dialog to the front.
If this behaviour only began recently, it's also possible you have encountered a bug in macOS Sequoia.
Restarting the Mac, installing the latest Sequoia update, and temporarily quitting background apps such as Mail and Adobe Creative Cloud can help determine whether one of them is triggering the repeated requests.
macOS Sequoia 15.7.8
Apple's documentation on the Passwords app:
Mac User Guide - Apple Support
Apple's information about Passwords in macOS Sequoia:
Use the Passwords app to create, manage, and share passwords and passkeys across Apple devices - Apple Support
If the problem continues, it's worth reporting it to Apple using Feedback , as repeated, unsolicited Passwords unlock prompts are not expected behaviour:
One additional question: does the dialog disappear if you click Cancel, only to return a few minutes later, or does it immediately reappear until you unlock it?
That detail can help narrow down whether a single process is repeatedly retrying authentication.