There are many ways to show the path to a specific file. Replicating your scenario, open a Finder window and use the search bar at the upper right corner. With View menu > Show Path Bar enabled, the path for any file you select will be shown at the bottom of the window.

Even if Show Path Bar is not active, if you select a file and hover your cursor over the file then hold down the option key, the path bar will temporarily appear in the same location shown above. If you then secondary-click (right click), you can copy the path to the clipboard.
Also, if you select a file in Finder then choose File menu > Get Info, the path is shown.

If you know the path for a file, you can go directly there in Finder with Go menu > Go to Folder.

Note that in Mac parlance, the ~ (tilde) symbol is 'shorthand' for your home folder, i.e., Users/youraccount.
More on this from Apple: Get file, folder and disk information on Mac – Apple Support