I’d check whether this is an iMessage activation problem rather than a syncing problem.
In Messages > Settings > iMessage, sign out of iMessage, restart the Mac, then sign back in with the same Apple Account. Also make sure Date & Time is set correctly and temporarily disable any VPN or security software, since Apple notes those can interfere with iMessage sign-in. If you can’t turn on or sign in to iMessage or FaceTime on iPad, Mac, or Apple Vision Pro
If you still get “Unknown error,” Apple also has an online iMessage/FaceTime activation check here: If you can’t turn on or sign in to iMessage or FaceTime on iPad, Mac, or Apple Vision Pro
Since this started immediately after the update, I wouldn’t start deleting Messages data or preference files yet.