In your original post you mentioned getting disk errors, screen of death taking 15 minutes to get. This makes me think the HD is getting ready to crash. Why it's only happening in OS X I don't know though. It's also possible you are having Kernel Panics which if not correctly quickly can result in fatally corrupting OS X. Where I'd start is by trouble shooting the hardware first and if that proves sound then trouble shooting software.
On hardware first check the S.M.A.R.T. status of the HD, it should be
Verified if it's not then you know for sure the HD has issues. If the S.M.A.R.T. status is OK that isn't any guarantee everything is fine. From there I'd recommend running Apple Hardware Test in extended mode to see if it can find any issues. If you aren't familiar with AHT here are instructions:
http://support.apple.com/kb/HT1509