I found this post because I had a pair of 2010 WD drives with identical UUIDs which were preventing me syncing them but I developed a solution suggested by Decimus (who make Synk backup software) that allowed me to change the UUID without erasing the drive.
This suggestion comes with a big health warning about potentially dire consequences of you addressing the wrong drive and the use of the sudo command generally, but if you are careful it might save a lot of trouble restoring the contents of a large drive like mine. If you can make a backup of the drive, then do so. While I did my research, I am not remotely an expert with Terminal and use it infrequently and with caution, so my knowledge is limited but here is what I did:
Firstly, get the name of the drive from Disk Utility by clicking the visible icon name of the drive ("Backup01" or whatever) in the left-hand panel and clicking the Info button in the Toolbar.
The name you want is against the Disk Identifier and will be something like disk1s3. I think disk0 is always your startup drive, so never choose this one. If the name is just "disk1" you have clicked the parent entry in the list.
For the purposes of these commands, the identifier is prefixed with the letter "r" so you would enter "rdisk1s3" where ever you see [rdi] at the ends of the following commands.
I suggest building these commands in a text editor first then copying them into Terminal when you are satisfied they are correct.
Open Terminal.
Check that you can see the current value for the UUID of the drive you want to change:
sudo /System/Library/Filesystems/hfs.fs/hfs.util -k [rdi]
You will probably be prompted for your system password (which is not displayed) and then the UUID for the named disk should be returned.
Unmount (but do not eject) the drive with Disk Utility by clicking the respective button in the Toolbar.
Now issue the command to assign a new UUID:
sudo /System/Library/Filesystems/hfs.fs/hfs.util -s [rdi]
Mount the drive again with Disk Utility and wait a few seconds.
Check the UUID has been changed:
sudo /System/Library/Filesystems/hfs.fs/hfs.util -k [rdi]
or use the Info button in DU (it might take a few moments to show the change)
It should be radically different to the one returned earlier.
Mac OS will immediately start to reindex the drive for Spotlight and when it has finished you are done.
I then checked the drive with DU and DiskWarrior 4.2 (directory and files) and no problems were found. I was then able to mount the two drives and successfully sync between them.
If this does not work, or the commands are not syntactically correct for your system, you may have to erase and restore the drive.
MacBook Pro 3,1, 10.6.8