You're welcome.
1. This means that I can't make calls out of my area (which I would get charged additionally for) but that I can make calls in my area?
In regards to data roaming, data roaming has nothing to do with calls or with SMS. Data Roaming applies to DATA or internet access only when roaming internationally. With data roaming and cellular data turned off, this does not prevent your iPhone from being able to place or receive calls and the same for SMS. This will prevent your iPhone from being able to connect to the internet via a carrier's cellular network when roaming internationally only.
2. This is General > WiFi. Do I keep this off generally in order to save battery life? Also, is there a particularly good widget for being able to know when I am in range of a good WiFi?
If you aren't actively using wi-fi and won't be using wi-fi for a long period of time, you will save some battery by turning wi-fi access off, but it won't make a significant difference.
Not sure what you mean by good wi--fi. If by good wi-fi you mean free wi-fi, there are a number of apps available via the app store that indicate where paid and free wi-fi networks are available - at least in the U.S. Not sure what is available for the area you will be traveling in. When wi-fi access turned on, you can also turn on Ask to Join Networks. When your iPhone is in range of an available wi-fi network it has never been connected with before, you will be prompted to join the network.
3. I don't quite follow. Am I correct in thinking that turning Cellular Data off is the portion that turns off the Fetch New Data? I mean, if there is no cell connection it can't fetch the new data is that right? Not sure exactly about the prompt issue for new mail but is it possible to get access to my normal IMAP iPhone email when I connect up to WiFi?
Turing Cellular Data off turns cellular data access off - preventing your iPhone from connecting to the internet via a carrier's cellular network, which can be used here or when roaming internationally. This does not turn Fetch New Data off. Fetch New Data is your setting for email accounts to be checked for new messages - automatically or manually. If you have your email account or accounts set to be checked for new messages every 30 minutes, if you don't have an internet connection when Fetch New Data is initiated, you will be prompted to connect to the internet so the email account or accounts can be checked for new messages. This is separate from having Data Roaming or Cellular Data off.
When you are connected to an available wi-fi network for internet access, you will have internet access for any app that requires internet access.
4. OK. So, incoming text and incoming SMS are /free/ for me when overseas with AT+T. I pay to send these. Apparently voicemail is not free. My understanding is that messages left on my voicemail are charged by the minute. I am also charged for /checking/ the messages. I /think/ visual voicemail is turned off so I have to check via a phone call back to the states (if I am correct).
Incoming text is SMS, and how will you be able to receive SMS when roaming internationally for free with AT&T? Visual voicemail messages are downloaded to the iPhone via the cellular data or internet network only. When you turn Cellular Data and Data Roaming on, if you have any voicemail messages available they should be downloaded to the iPhone at that time.
So - Airplane Mode. Can you explain what this means with reference to the above? I got a little confused with the reference to radio mode. Somehow Airplane mode turns off SMS and text but still lets me get to internet via WiFi (as opposed to internet via radio/cellular), is that right?
Airplane Mode turns off all iPhone radios - cellular for calls, SMS, and internet access via the cellular network, wi-fi, bluetooth, and GPS. With Airplane mode enabled, you can turn on wi-fi and bluetooth. Some airplanes have wi-fi access during flight - at an additional cost of course usually with longer cross country flights and international flights. Since a cell phone must have Airplane mode enabled when powered on during flight, this was introduced so the iPhone could connect to the wi-fi network if available on such a flight. This also allows someone who isn't interested in using their iPhone for any calls, SMS, and internet access via a carrier's cellular network when roaming internationally but is interested in using their iPhone for internet access via an available wi-fi network when roaming internationally. You enable Airplane mode followed by turing on wi-fi access.
Lastly, I guess I still have the issue of not paying for incoming messages which I can't control and then I have the issue of wanting to be able to receive and make calls while I am traveling. I mean, it is going to be hard to not be able to use my phone to get a call from someone locally or for me to be able to call someone locally...
As already provided, having Data Roaming and Cellular Data off alone will not prevent you from being able to place or receive any calls and the same for SMS. Having Data Roaming and Cellular Data off prevents your iPhone from being able to connect to the internet via a carrier's cellular network only when roaming internationally with data or internet access when roaming internationally being the most expensive. Calls and SMS are expensive, but not near as expensive as data access when roaming internationally. Turning Airplane Mode on followed by turning wi-fi access on will allow your iPhone to connect to the internet via an available wi-fi network and will prevent your iPhone from placing or receiving calls and the same for SMS. When doing so, this will not allow you to access maps data with the included Maps app unless you are connected to an available wi-fi network for internet access.
Not sure how you won't have to pay for incoming SMS with AT&T when roaming internationally.