One of the "features" of Bluetooth was use of low power transmitters for low battery consumption, and short distances so less interference to other devices. But unfortunately for you, that low power transmitter can't penetrate materials as well. Basically, it's a "line-of-sight" technology.
That said, you may just want to try moving the Mac around a little. You might find that a few inches may make a difference. And even fresh batteries can make a difference. (Or recharging more often, if using rechargable batteries.)
You could also try a USB Bluetooth dongle and use a USB extension cable to bring the dongle above the desk. I have never used it to connect the keyboard/mouse to the Mac so I don't know if there will be interference between the two Bluetooth transmitters (the dongle and the Mac) or confusion by the keyboard, etc. (I use the Bluetooth dongle for virtual machines where the dongle is NOT controlled by the Mac.) Of course, you'd also need to find a dongle that has Mac drivers. (Many of the cheap dongles are Windows only.) Otherwise, the obvious:
- Move Mac to top or side of desk.
- New desk.
- USB mouse.