Hi empic. I assume that since you posted this in the Aperture forum you are asking "How do I do this in Aperture?"
"Canvas" isn't a term that has any meaning in Aperture.
You create an Image in your Aperture Library when you import an image-format file. The pixel dimensions of your image-format file are carried directly into Aperture. If you import a file 1920 px by 650 px you will have an Image in Aperture that is 1920 x 650. In Aperture, you can crop any part of your image, with a precision of one pixel. All cropping is done with the Crop tool. There are many ways to activate the Crop tool, but the simplest is to press "c": your mouse cursor changes to a little crop symbol, and the Crop HUD appears. At the top of the Crop HUD is a drop-down menu which allows you to constrain your crop aspect ratio. There are many to choose from, including "Square". Press "{Enter}" (or "a") to close the Crop tool after you have made your selection.
There is no tool in Aperture that allows you to stretch or distort your Images (or their parts). That inludes adding pixels to an Image. For that you will need a compositing program (known generally as graphics programs), such as Gimp, Pixelmator, Photoshop, etc.
Message was edited by: Kirby Krieger -- added link.