In Safari on the Mac, I have nine folders in the Bookmarks Bar, each of them with a bunch of bookmarks. I tried all of the above but couldn't get the iPad and iPhone to show the correct Bookmarks Bar. The bookmarks in the Bookmarks menu or at the top level were OK from the start. After doing everything as described by Jim Scott and turning off iCloud sync and removing everything from the iPad and iPhone, and turning sync on again, the Bookmarks Bar just stayed empty on the iPad and the iPhone.
However, I noticed that if I added a new bookmark in the Bookmarks Bar of Safari on the Mac (at the top level, not in a folder) it appeared after a second or two on the iPad and the iPhone.
So, in Safari on the Mac, I opened the "Show all bookmarks" window and in the Bookmarks Bar I did this:
- I copied the first bookmark folder
- I renamed the old one that I had just copied by appending ".old"
- I pasted the bookmark folder so that it appeared at the same level as the original one, now named xxx.old
- It immediately appeared on the iPad and the iPhone.
- I deleted the .old folder
- I did the same thing for each folder one by one.
All the folders appeared on the iPad and the iPhone, containing all their bookmarks.
When I was satisfied that my bookmarks in Safari were good on the Mac and on all devices, I checked to see if the whole thing works with iCloud when I add or remove bookmarks. Apparently it does.
I also noticed, before doing any of this, that in the Info tab of iTunes for either device, there was a checkbox in "Other" offering to sync with iTunes on the Mac, although it also said that bookmarks were being synced with iCloud. After getting things to work I checked back and the iTunes sync checkbox is gone.
So various methods seem to be useful to get things to work.
--Ellen