I have a solution to this issue. I worked with a guy at Apple Support to solve the problem, which is not with Lucida or Adobe Photoshop. It's with how Lucida Grande's preview is generated. Somehow in my updating process, the resources Lucida uses were damaged. So, here is the fix. It sounds odd, but it works.
First thing... quit all open applications.
1. Open Font Book and navigate to Stone Sans. (You may have to or three versions)
2. Right-Click and "Show in Finder" - This will take you to your System/Library/Fonts folder.
3. Copy all Stone Sans font files to your desktop as a backup.
4. In Font Book, right-click on all Stone Sans fonts and 'Remove Fonts'.
5. Open Photoshop and check to see if Lucida Grande is available for use. This re-builds some font cache or font resource that is used by Photoshop. (No one could tell me this for sure, so I'm guessing here.)
6. Close Photoshop and copy Stone Sans back into the System/Library/Fonts folder and relaunch Photoshop.
You should be back in business.
The guy I spoke with at Apple said that he believes Stone Sans is a resource for Lucida Grande, and if the connection to that resource was corrupt, it could cause this problem, but that he has never heard of it before.
This worked for me.