In my troubleshooting intermittent drain issues, I enabled status bar icon for system services. I've noted the following:
'Setting Time Zone' uses GPS after a reboot, but only until it gets a good fix (faster outside, up to a minute inside).
'Traffic' occasionally stays on after use of the Maps app. Earlier today it did so, but went away after a minute. As I type this now it is stuck on yet again (even with ALL background apps ended/closed, including Maps itself). This time, the Traffic service has persisted, even through a call I just received. It did finally shut off a minute after I unplugged power and changed location. Traffic may be keeping GPS going if it sees you are standing still so it can report how long you are stationary (for traffic reporting I'd imagine).
It's possible that the Traffic service may be going through battery if it thinks you are sitting still on/near a road, even if you are just sitting at home with the phone in standby on your desk.
While the above may be one of the contributing issues to acute battery drain, another known one is related to exchange accounts - usually ones where settings were carried across a backup+restore.
Aside from those above, I've noted that the 4S drains faster than the 4 even when doing 'idle' activities. Sitting at a stagnant email or web page ticks down the battery meter about twice as fast on the 4S as compared to the 4 (both phones restored from the same backup, pop only email, low brightness, connected to same wifi network, etc.
It's as if the firmware is not aggressive enough at downclocking an otherwise idle / mostly idle 4S CPU. If both cores are active when they don't need to be, that may add up to greater power draw when out of standby.
Hope this info helps.
Al