I'm having the same problem with "3 items could not be synced. See itunes for more information."
I'm also looking for logs, which I've read don't exist. It appears that iOS 5 and iTunes 10.5 bring major changes to how sync is handled on the Mac (no more iSync). I tracked down the source of these problems, but not a solution.
In iTunes, click the triagle next to your device. Click Music and scroll through the list. I see one greyed out song with a sync circle next to it. That song appears on at least two playlists. Do the same in Movies, TV Shows, etc. Unfortunately I don't think there's a way to check the photos this way.
Once you do this you can try unsyncing that content, maybe.
I also have 7 songs not on any playlist with dark "!" circle next to them. They aren't on any playlistand seem to be "stuck" in sync.