Guys I have both good and bad news. Good news is I've solved the issue, bad news is it won't - supposedly - work for most of you.
If you bear with me, I'm going into some details and maybe this could ring some bells anyway.
I started rejecting the hypothesis "it is an iPhone issue", placed the microSIM into an adapter and used it with a PC into my 3G USB modem (which I am using at home).
While usually the connection is smooth and stable, with my iPhone's SIM the internet connection was always dropped by the remote server after 30 minutes. I did several tries, and it always ended up like this - dropped connection and no way to bring it back up. I had to eject the USB 3G modem and plug it back in to get it working again.
I noticed that the APN that was set as default was a WAP-type APN (specifically, wap.tim.it. my carrier is TIM - Italy), but I know iPhone prefers using another APN with this carrier (ibox.tim.it).
After setting this new APN, I was able to get uninterrupted data with the 3G USB modem.
After placing the microSIM back into my iPhone and setting the nex APN, I have never experienced the issue again (it's about two days now).
I hope this will help at least someone troubleshooting this issue, good luck!