Okay, yes, thank you. I thought I was going insane. For example, I have a smart playlist I sync just with my iPhone (5 running 7.03) called "iPhone New." It's the most recent additions to my library. On my phone, it looked just like another playlist, which was, wait for it--"iPhone Old"--the stuff I had never gotten around to listening to and now have to decide if I even want to keep it. However, in iTunes, looked fine--even if I looked at the contents of the smart playlist on the iPhone while synched--looked fine. But on the phone, totally wrong.
Also, I don't listen to music in the cloud. Don't run Match. None of that. Just can I please play the music on the phone. Please.
Creating an "iPhone - New" playlist that says "Playlist is iPhone New" did the trick. It's any smart playlist pulling from any other playlist that appears to work, since that explains why one of my "criteria is [Playlist Name] + [some other stuff]" always worked.
Oddly, on the iPhone (while synched), in iTunes, I get the "This smart playlist depends on one or more playlists that cannot be found" error...which is rubbish, because obviously they can be found since, well, the error-ing playlists work fine.
Sadly, despite the utter disaster that iOS 7 Music/iTunes 11 is, this is still better than my Android experience. Even more sadly, I have two members of my family that need phones and was about to push them to Apple since iOS 6 (for me, anyway) worked great. Now I'm not so sure. Because this is rubbish.
Anyway, thanks for the dummy playlist trick. It worked.