This problem is getting worse for me. Keychain has not lost the password for the mail account which was the original problem for a few weeks, but is now losing the password for another account several times per session - sometimes within a minute or so. Keychain repair finds no issue, and I have entered the correct password many times in both the keychain popup and account settings.
It's a little unfortunate that @Minchy marked @Tom's answer which is pretty obviously wrong as having solved the problem - I don't know if Apple regularly look at these forums, but if they do presumably they don't look at problems marked as solved. I'm reluctant to start a new thread, but perhaps it's necessary.
I know this will annoy the fanboys (and as someone who owns a pro, mini, tv, ipad and iphone you can't accuse me of being anti-Apple), but this is exactly the sort of issue that drove me away from Windows: after a while things just start breaking or slowing down for reasons no-one really understands, there is no official acknowledgement or support, and there ends up being no solution other than the unholy "reboot -> reinstall -> reblast OS" progression.