I had the same problem in El Capitan 10.11.5. In my case it was a transient problem that went away without me having to fix anything.
Here's what I observed for future record: I was able to open some files with Preview but not others. I've noticed that when I looked at the files in terminal using "ls -l", those could be opened showed "-rwxrwxrwx@" and those that couldn't be opened showed "-rwxrwxrwx" (without the trailing "@"). The man page for ls says "
If the file or directory has extended attributes, the permissions field printed by the -l option is followed by a '@' character." which is not particularly helpful.
The files without @ could be opened with other apps (say, Chrome) but not with Preview. Simply restarting Preview didn't help but eventually the problem went away without restarting the system or using other workarounds from this thread. Once the problem went away, all files showed the "@" in the permission field when using "ls -l"
Oh, an in my case all files were in the same directory copied from the same memory card of a digital camera.