I went through this two years ago with my 21.5 12,1 and after wrangling with the Apple Store folks for a month or two, they put in a new power supply which has lasted until now, when the problem has just started up. Since it seems to be all over the place -- memory, hard drives, mother boards, power supplies, etc. -- i'm thinking it may be a combination of factors. I've also had my screen replaced twice because very fine dust gets in and permanently mucks up the screen. I can only assume it's affecting the fans and cooling. It's coming from my pellet stove which I need in the winter as it's my only heat.
I did notice that the power failures started with a heavy graphics load, watching Netflix, downloading large graphic files, photoshop, and that other on this thread have mentioned similar happenings, so I'm wondering if the graphics load could have something to do with it? Or some combination of factors involving graphics, dust, wonky power supplies and even screen connections are shorting the system out.
One thing I do know is that after four years of uninterrupted problems with this problem, Apple should have some idea of what's happening. And they don't, or at least they are not sharing. As a user since 1988 and fully dedicated to the platform with tens of thousands of dollars in software and hardware I would not give it up lightly, but between the power failures and the constant inability to operate a stable office network (NAS dropouts, network dropouts, PC interfacing), I'm almost ready to throw in the towel. I cannot work on deadlines (publishing) with flakey, undependable tools. I run a five-mac office network and three peripheral at-home macs that join into the network that has two NAS machines and several other backup/dedicated (fonts, photos, etc.) drives. But that's another problem; one more of too many, these days.