Q: how do you sync the information you put on your iPhone to your computer?

Have you selected to sync your calendar with Outlook on the Info tab of your iTunes sync settings?  If so, what happens when you sync?  Do changes in your Outlook calendar appear on your phone but changes on your phone don't appear in Outlook calendar?  Something else?

You may not have selected your Outlook calendar as your default calendar on your phone.  Go to Settings>Mail,Contacts,Calendars>scroll down to the Calendars section and tap Default Calendar.  Make sure you have selected your Outlook calendar here and not, for example, the calendar under On My iPhone.  After making the change enter an even on your phone and sync to confirm that it transfers to Outlook.

I'm away for a couple of hous at the moment but will get back to you.

You're welcome.