I had the same issue with the sound. Here's what I found out... hopefully this is the root cause. There seems to be a problem with the last Java update provided with OS X
To find this problem I had the following hardware replaced (Hard Drive, I/O board connected to headphone jack, Logic Board) and a complete re-install of the OS. All this was done over the last 3 weeks, but the problem kept coming back. So after extensive debugging, here's what I found, I hope this helps
1) go to system preferences -> software update -> installed software and verify you have Java for OS X 2012-004
You probably got this update from one of the previous OS X upgrades
One of the applications you run uses the Java outlined above. There is an issue that gives the following error in the Console (Finder -> Applications -> Utilities -> Console)
7/6/12 9:58:45.016 AM | JavaApplicationStub | CGContextGetCTM: invalid context 0x0 |
7/6/12 9:58:45.016 AM | JavaApplicationStub | CGContextSetBaseCTM: invalid context 0x0 |
7/6/12 9:58:45.016 AM | [0x0-0x6c06c].???? | Jul 6 09:58:45 <your machine name> JavaApplicationStub[767] <Error>: CGContextGetCTM: invalid context 0x0 |
7/6/12 9:58:45.016 AM | [0x0-0x6c06c].???? | Jul 6 09:58:45 <your machine name> JavaApplicationStub[767] <Error>: CGContextSetBaseCTM: invalid context 0x0 |
You can find more details on this error if you search the key words from the string above. There are many users complaining about this java error, however no one is reporting sound problems
If you can find which application gives this error (start with a clean log file in console, restart the machine and open one application after another and look in the consle)
My problem gets fixed if I close the application that gives the error above, and immediately the sound comes back. I run ThinkorSwim Client from TD Ameritrade which causes this issue.
Each one of you might have a different app that causes this... so it's time consuming but worth finding this
Unfortunately there is no fix, except to close the problem app. Hopefully the next OS X upgrade/patch fixes the Java bug and resolve this issue
Please post if this helps anyone