The maximum memory specifications from Apple state the total amount of memory that the hardware can take and make available to the operating system and applications, as tested and certified by the designers with available parts at the moment of its design. However, as Kappy points out, many times we have been happily surprised to find that newer DIMM modules are recognized and usable by the older Macs, allowing more RAM than what Apple told us.
For instance, the 2011 MBPs were said to have a max. RAM capacity of 8GB. However, the 8GB SODIMM modules have become more affordable and it turns out that those Macs can be pushed up to 16GB.