The source sync file information for AB is kept here:
~/Library/Application Support/AddressBook/Sources
You also have a preference file for AB syncing:
~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.AddressBookSourceSync.plist
You also have a ByHost preference file for AB syncing:
~/Library/Preferences/ByHost/com.apple.AddressBook.sync******.plist
I'm not sure what you can do with that info. Even though the preference file has a timestamp and the ByHost file has date and time info, i don't see anything such as a time interval that can be changed. That may even be set by a different file. I don't have the technical knowledge to tell you.
For AB to send new info immediately (not knowing the time interval), quit AB and restart it. It should update all info. If not, uncheck the sync option in AB prefs, the recheck and reinput the username and password. That should create an immediate sync.
But I doubt that it will force google to update any changes. Maybe I'm wrong, so try it.
If you could change the time interval, it would probable be done with one of the preference files. The syncing login and setup is intiated in AB preferences to communicate with google. Google may not initiate the sync action, but I'm sure it has a time interval that the server will make changes.
I have used this in the past for Yahoo, and Yahoo's information said that syncing may not occur imediately and could take some time for changes to take effect. It's been a while since I used it, so I don't remember exactly what it said, but it was basically to the tune of "they will do it when they are ready".
So even if you could get AB to send changes every 10 seconds, it does not mean that google's server will update it immediately.
My experience with Yahoo is sometimes it would do the changes within 5 minutes and other times it took many hours for the change to take effect. So, it's not any different than you are experiencing with google.
I eventually quit syncing to Yahoo's site after I started using iCloud. After my email got hijacked through Yahoo, I just decided to removed my contacts completely since they can't keep it secure. Also removed everything from Google site. Tired of my AB being stolen and used for spam. That's the second time this year they got into the website account and stole my information.
I just keep contacts on my computer and iCloud now where I can better protect my information.