Numbers is not MS Excel, and MS Excel is not Numbers. Each application has features that are not supported by the other.
Not a bug, although it does appear to be a not-well-thought-out feature.
The issue is that once the $ is in the entry box, the whole "$1,000" is perceived (within that cell) as a text string. Any formula using one of the arithmetic operators will choke on text.
The second use of the $ sign is as the absolute reference operator. If it preceded a number equal to or smaller than the largest row number on the table, the combination will be interpreted in a formula as an absolute reference to that row, or to the cell in that row in the same column as the formula; whichever better fits the reference in that formula.
Either way, you're not going to get the result you want, and you are likely to get a syntax error message.
OTOH, in a cell where the fixed number has been entered as the result of an equation (eg. =1000), formatting the cell as currency will change the displayed value, but not the value as it appears in the entry box. Neither the $ sign nor the thousands separator (,) will appear, you will be able to append "+500" (without the quotes) to the end of the formula, and you will get the expected result ( $1,500) displayed in the cell. And, as the formula itself contains NO $, the issue of 10 being recognized as a row reference will not arise.
For my own use, I'd simply avoid the currency format except for summary cells. A column containing a list of numerical values (with two places after the decimal) is easily recognized as a list of currency amounts, even without to $ sign. The same list with the sign applied to every value is cluttered, and more difficult to read.
Regards,
Barry
PS: If you want this feature changed in a future edition of Numbers, your best route is toProvide Numbers Feedback, using the menu item of that name in the Application menu (in Numbers, the "Numbers" menu). The link will also take you to the feedback page.