skyblu1212 wrote:
To clarify:
I had an existing Canon printer, connected to the wireless network with its own wi-fi. Didn't show up on my Add Printer dialog box. So I took a USB cable (which I know works because it was connecting something else to my PC, and that was fine), and tried hooking up the printer to my computer directly. Still nothing in the Add Printer dialog box.
Typically when a wireless printer does not appear in the Default Add Printer view, the cause is from the Mac and the printer set to different IP subnets.
But for a printer not to appear in the Default Add Printer view when it is connected directly to the Mac via USB cable, then this would suggest the USB cable or a fault with the printer or a fault with the USB port on the Mac. Even though this cable was working with the PC, it could still be the cable. Because I don't think it is the printer or the Mac.
skyblu1212 wrote:
I had a second printer that came free with my MacBook but was still in the box, so I opened it up, set it up, and connected it to the netwrok (this one also has wi-fi). The printer is on the network for sure, because a) the printer itself has a Wi-Fi light that turns green when connected, and b) I can see both wi-fi printers from my PC.
Still, when I open the dialog box to add a printer to my Mac, nothing shows up, so I can't select anything from a list but I also cannot manually input the printer because all fields are grayed out.
Most printers use Bonjour to advertise their presence on the local network. With this other printer also not appearing in the Default Add Printer browser, it could be that Bonjour is not working on the Mac. One test you can try is to open Safari and open Bookrmarks. The Bookmarks sidebar that appears will have a Bonjour entry. Select this and the printer should be listed, as shown below.

If the printer is not visible then Bonjour may not be running on the Mac. You can check this by opening Activity Monitor (Applications > Utilities), selecting All Process from the top drop menu and then looking for mDNSResponder in the list.
But that doesn't explain why the printer also does not appear when connected via USB. So with both of these symptoms you could try a reset of the printing system. If that does not help then I would be thinking about backing up your data and reinstalling Lion on this Mac.