For MBP users, use of the discrete, higher-performance NVIDIA graphics card has been—in my experience—the biggest consistent source for battery drain. For more control over this process, I started using gfxCardStatus. Why this helps:
Many apps request use of the discrete chip when the integrated Intel HD 4000 can handle the app's graphics processing needs just fine and with little/no observable performance lag. Reeder is one app I use that's guilty of this. Tweetbot does this as well. These are two apps that work perfectly fine and perform smoothly if I were to use them on a MacBook Air, which only has the integrated Intel chip.
gfxCardStatus lets you override the MBP's dynamic switching and manually select which card to use via a menubar icon. The menubar icon also lets you know which apps are requesting use of the discrete chip.
It lets you set overrides based on your power source: I have my Retina MBP set to always use the more power-efficient integrated chip when on battery, and dynamically switch as needed/requested by apps when plugged in. I'm basically telling the MBP, "Hey, when you're on battery, pretend you only have an Intel HD 4000 chip, like a MacBook Air."
You can set gfcCardStatus to send Growl notifications whenever the computer switches chips. I find this helpful because I now have a better sense of which apps request to use the nVidia card and I get to decide if the request is warranted.
In the event you are using an app where the benefit from using the discrete chip outweighs the power savings of the integrated chip (e.g. gaming, image editing, working with HD video, etc.), flipping the switch is as easy as a few clicks on a menubar item.
Before using gfxCardStatus, I was getting about 4-5 hours of life before fully draining the MacBook. Now, I'm getting 6-8 hours, depending on screen brightness, WiFi use (continuous wireless data transfer—like when you're syncing large files with Dropbox—is another big power drainer), and processor load.
As for increased battery drain since the Mountain Lion upgrade: I'm willing to bet ML is requesting more use of the higher-performance chip than Lion did, or it's been set to be more lax about switching over to it. I say this because I'm forcing my MBP to use the integrated chip while on battery and haven't experience a loss of battery life.
Hope this helps!