(cross-posting from another thread)
I'm having the same problem. It's as if my iPhone and MacBook Pro now have two separate calendars.
Basically, I have a MacBook Pro (Mountain Lion, 13", late 2011) that I sync via USB with an iPhone 4S (iOS 5.1.1). Before upgrading to Mountain Lion, all of my iCal events would sync flawlessly. But none of the events I've created in iCal (Calendars) since upgrading have synced to the iPhone. Likewise, no new events that I create on the iPhone Calendar will sync to iCal. Also, changes to an existing event (even one created before upgrading to Mountain Lion) don't get synced either.
Everything else seems to be syncing just fine though (music, apps, contacts, etc).