I've had at least five of these kinds of TM errors on my Synology 1515 NAS since I bought the thing in June. Both in El Cap and now Sierra, although it seems to be worse now. I'm new to NAS and bought the thing because I have about 10 TB scattered around different drives and I wanted them in a unified TM backup because it's a pain otherwise. Trying to triage it with exceptions to fit on hocketed 8TB TM drives has been expensive and inefficient, as I still had to do manual backups of some of it. I really need drives of 12-14TB to do single-drive TM properly and they don't exist.
Also, I had a lot of problems with 8TB drives going bad. Synology's SHR2 striping allows 2 drives to fail, so I figured this was a good solution for TM. 5 bays x 8TB with all the striping still gave me a lot of breathing room at 23 TB. I figured that was safe. I figured I'd get a couple of years of TM backups without worry.
I thought wrong. As good as Synology NAS devices are, they can't protect one from corruptions caused by un robust software from apple.
The first couple of times when the errors occurred, I was successfully able to use Disk Warrior and/or the lengthy terminal process outlined in the article earlier in this thread to repair the .sparsebundle drive image. But the last two times, this has not worked. I have used the NAS both over wired Ethernet and over wifi. It doesn't seem to matter, as the errors occur either way. So then it's off to reformat the NAS and do a shiny new backup which takes tens of hours, yet again, and again my incremental backup history is hosed. I have no backup history since June.
I do also use Backblaze, but it has its limitations, I was hoping to have another way to access TM files remotely, I have now spent dozens of white-knuckled hours on this vexing issue and I've had it.
Until and unless Apple fixes this NAS/TM corruption, the only solution I'm coming up with is to abandon NAS and buy a wired Drobo or other wired enclosure with RAID 6. And that's probably my solution.