After reading the Apple Support pages, I came across the Option-Command key pair when starting iPhoto to bring up the Database Repair Tools. Unfortunately, I went through all four levels of analysis and repair and I was still unable to see Events and Albums in my iPhoto Library from iTunes.
Reading the above responses talking about "AlbumData" being the problem, I viewed the Content of the iPhoto Library (Ctrl-click on your iPhoto Library and select "Show Package Contents" to view your Library. Inside the iLifeShared folder you'll find the AlbumData2.xml file that iPhoto Library Manager analyses. You can use Quick View to look at the file, but opening it in XCode shows it in a color-coded format. That's where I saw that the top of the file was fine, but at some point the XML parsing broke down because it no longer color-coded.
Scrolling down from the top, I saw that one of my slide shows referenced an iTunes album that had an ampersand in the name. Everything was blue after the "&". Hmmm, I thought.
Long story short: I spend an hour going through my iPhoto Albums, Events, and slideshows to change "&" to "and" or eliminate it if it made sense. After all that, I am now able to sync my photos to my iPhone again! 😎