I believe sync is working. I think IOS 6.1.2 caused some new attribute in the event record that Calendar doesn't recognize.
I do not use iCloud (had the same problem with multiple duplicate events which took hours to fix) for calendars or contacts. I sync wirelessly with my MacBook Pro once or twice a day: very painless.
Since I updated my iPhone to IOS 6.1.2, events created on the iPhone do not show up in Calendar. Events created in Calendar do show up on the iPhone.
I also have an iPad which I updated to IOS 6.1.2 over the weekend.
If I create an event on the iPhone, then sync with the Mac, then sync the iPad, the event shows up on the iPad. The only place the event could have come from is the Mac. Calendar still does not show the event.
My guess is that there will be a Calendar update soon. I hope so. It was driving me nuts.