There are two possibilities. You could be accidentally activating the Screen Zoom feature, either through its keyboard shortcut or by Ctrl-scrolling the mouse or trackpad. If this is the cause, the edges of the screen are hidden because they've been pushed out when the screen is zoomed up. If this is it, open System Preferences, click Accessibility, click Zoom, and turn off all the check boxes.
If it is only happening in a few programs like your web browser and it is not cropping out the screen edges, then you could be accidentally using the Smart Zoom feature of the trackpad. If this is the cause, open System Preferences, click Trackpad, click Scroll & Zoom, and turn off Smart Zoom.