If your iPad isn't being recognised by your computer's then do you have the current version of iTunes on your computer, and if you do have you got a different USB port that you could try ? There is also some troubleshooting on this page : http://support.apple.com/kb/TS1538
In terms of your apps, then if they are still in the store then you should be able to re-download them via the Purchased link under Quick Links on the right-hand side of the iTunes store home page, or directly on the iPad via the Purchased tab in the App Store app. You may also be able to re-download music, films, tv shows via the Purchased tab in the iTunes store app.