You did not tell me what happens regarding the light on the side of the shuffle when you connect it. Does it come on? Does it blink continously? If there is no light at all, there is no power connection.
To rule out a problem with the USB port, connect something else to that port, preferably something similar, such as a USB flash drive, to confirm it is working properly.
The other shuffle you mentioned, owned by your colleague... Is it also the same 4th gen model? If it's 2nd gen, it does not work with your USB cable, so that is not a good test. If it's a 4th gen or 3rd gen, and it also does not work with your connection point, that is a good test.
Once you have confirmed your USB port is fine, and another shuffle that is known to work fine does not work with your connection point, then it is more likely that a faulty USB cable is the cause.
There is no way to test your shuffle for a problem, if your cable is bad (and you don't have another known good cable to try). The shuffle was basically never tried.
Does the place where this shuffle was purchased have a return policy? The cable is covered by the same warranty as the shuffle itself.