While it is possible to configure Apple hardware to triple boot, it's non-obvious how to do it and has some fragility. The typical tools aren't going to create the hybrid MBR needed correctly because they don't know what must be in the MBR vs what doesn't need to be in it; most tools try to sync the MBR and GPT. And there's some evidence that the OS Installer and Disk Utility try to resync it, which further causes problems.
Merely booting linux should not cause a change either partition table. So I'm not sure what started all of this. But I suggest going back to that linux flash drive, getting to a terminal and issuing these commands:
su
fdisk -l /dev/sda
parted /dev/sda unit s print
smartctl -x /dev/sda
All of these are read-only commands, they don't change anything on the disk. fdisk will display MBR info, parted will display GPT info, smartctl will display drive SMART status and attributes which may be quite a bit of info. Copy-paste all of it into the forum, ideally formatted with the Andale Mono 8pt font.
The smartctl command may not work if smartmontools isn't on the linux live media. But if you have an internet connection, usually needs to be wired with linux since the wireless drivers are often not available by default on live media, you can install smartmontools.
If you have a working network connection while booted with the linux live media, you can copy-paste directly to the forum with a web browser. Otherwise you'll need to copy-paste from Terminal to Gedit, save a text file to a separate USB stick, and then reboot to OS X.