There are a couple of possibilities:
1) There is malware, which to date exclusively infests Windows systems, uses a technique known as "spoofing," by which the virus or worm randomly selects an email address it finds on an infected computer. The virus/worm uses this address as the "From" address when it performs its mass-mailing routine rather than using the real email address of the user of the infected system. If your address happens to be the one randomly chosen, then anyone receiving one of these emails sees your email address as the apparent sender. In addition, if any messages bounce back (either because the address is no longer valid or the mail server finds the virus and rejects the message), you get hit with the bounce rather than the actual (unknowing) sender, even though the messages didn't come from your system and may be from addresses you've never heard of.
Here's an example; Jane is using a computer infected with a Windows email virus or worm. When the virus/worm activates and runs, it randomly searches the Windows address book and finds the email address of Bill. The worm inserts Bill's email address into the "From" portion of an infected message, which it then sends to Janet (and probably many other people). Janet then contacts Bill and complains that he sent her an spam message. When Bill scans his computer, the virus checker does not find anything, because his computer is not infected.
If this is indeed an infection on someone else's system, there's really nothing you can do since the emails aren't coming from you. All you can do is notify all your friends and colleagues who have Windows systems and who would know your email address and get them to update their antivirus protection.
2) It is possible, as Phil suggested, that your email account was hacked and spammers used that to send out their garbage. If so, changing the password to something difficult to guess - there are tips on the web for constructing strong passwords - should stop those emails from proliferating in the future.
Regards.