SOLUTION IF AIRPORT IS NOT FOUND AFTER RESTART!
Hi ChrisZam,
I had the same problem with my MacBook Pro from 2011 (operation software 10.6.8). After a year my wifi stopped working, I went to the mac store and had to pay 175 euro's for a new airport card (the problem was so far that my mac uninstalled his own airport card -_-). after the fix, it worked just fine but the problem reappeared a year later... by searching the web I found a solution that spared me money but cost my guarantee (my mac was 2,2 years old). I opened my mac and carefully pulled out the cable connecting my wifi card with the motherboard (please make sure your mac is completely off!). After that I reinstalled it back in the motherboard, that fixed the problem. Unfortunately it was a temporary fix... when the problem reoccured I did the same thing over and over again.
Note: the problem can occur faster after each attempt.
Just today (3-21-15) I found this post on my quest on finding a permanent fix for this problem. (TNX AtlantaElise! Great job!) Only I had the same problem with the restarting of my mac that the Airport is not shown in the + of the network system preference. Fortunately i found the solution for this fix!
SOLUTION:
First you follow the steps of AtlantaElise. If the airport wont show up in your network system preference, shut down your computer and reset PRAM:
1. Shut down your computer
2. press and hold Command - Option - P - R
3. Startup your computer
4. When your computer starts up for a second time, release the buttons.
(This is for 10.6.8, find on apple support if the PRAM is the same with your operating system!)
Everything would be just normal and your airport would be automatically been reinstalled. If not, check your network preferences and add AirPort like AtlantaElise mentioned.
Hope it would help (you or some one else),
Gr GB