You can't in OS X, like you can in Windows, increase the size of the UI elements and text.
All you can do is drop the resolution, which causes stuff to be blurry.
If you continue to strain to see the small elements on OS X, your just going to cause more eye damage and require eye glasses and more replacements over time to stronger glasses.
Since it's a new machine, my advice is to take it back to the store and buy yourself a Windows 7 machine online.
The settings are under the Start Menu > Control Panel >Apperarance etc.
You also can set a custom type size on the left panel if you click on the image you can see that.

If you can't return the Mac, then you can install Windows 7 onto your Mac and do the same thing.
Windows in BootCamp or Virtual Machine?
Install Windows or Linux into VirtualBox