At the moment there is no local sync option as easy to set up as the USB sync was to use. Please add your voice to the Apple feedback pages if you hope Apple might bring back this kind of option.
Currently Apple have structured things so that the easy-to-use option is firstly iCloud, or, secondly, other cloud-based services. Doing anything else looks technically daunting for the average user (including me).
For those, like me, for whom local syncing is a critical issue, it may be worth pointing out that there is a local sync solution that can be used just between your Mac and your iPhone. It is wifi rather than USB cable, but it works with nothing more required than your Mac and your iPhone.
It involves setting up some software on your Mac, but after that it works seamlessly IME. I am not an IT specialist, just a fairly ordinary user who has been with Macs for a long time now. I was able to set this solution up for myself following the User Tip which Barney-15E has created. It takes you through the process step by step. On another thread I've described the process of moving your 'On my Mac' calendars and contacts so that they will be synced under the new setup.
Once set up syncing will happen automatically between your devices on, say, your home network, or will happen between iPhone and Mac if you have a wifi enabled Mac and link them together using the 'Create Network…' option on your Mac's wifi menu.
Another way of achieving the same result would be to stump up $20 for OS X Mavericks Server where the process of settting it up may be a little more user friendly. I've seen posts by others about how that solution worked for them.
I hope this is of some help to you.