Solved...at least for me, finally....
Like so many others, I have tried every single workaround mentioned here, and in other posts. It's clearly an OS related issue. Something is preventing the DHCP response from getting back to the kernel and then bound to the adapter. I have found a new and excellent utility, however, in IPNetMonitorX...very capable. It allows you to troubleshoot DHCP from a given interface (en1 for the wireless in my case). Unlike an OS DHCP request, this tool simply creates the request and looks for the response...it doesn't actually try to bind it to the interface. What you can see with the utility, however, is that the request goes out, and the DHCP server responds as expected, including the expected IP address assignment. In my case, it's the DHCP assignment that doesn't happen, and that's ONLY on the en1 (wifi) interface. Ethernet works just fine. Also, assigning a manual IP address/gateway/netmask also works just fine, which confirms that it's not a hardware issue.
Again, I've tried absolutely everything to resolve this, with no luck. Including a clean install of Mavericks. After a CLEAN install of Mavericks, wireless/DHCP works as expected...encouraging. I then restored my user data from Time Machine (excluding the System/Network settings explicitly) and the problem shows up again. That means its specific to a particular application I have installd I expect.
As a workaround, I decided to leverage a small USB Wireless adapter I had laying around. In my case, it was a Tenda Nano USB adapter.
http://www.tenda.cn/tendacn/product/show.aspx?productid=375
It was not recognized by the Mac, so I pulled down the dirvers from their website:
http://www.tenda.cn/tendacn/DownLoads/show.aspx?downid=916
Under that installer, I went to Macintosh->WS541U W311M..
There was a version 3.0 as well as 4.1.5 driver. It's dated back to 2011_07_18 and references very old versions of Mac OS X....but it was the most recent I could find.
I ran the installer, which required admin as well as a reboot.
As soon as my Mac booted...I was very suprised to see that my INTERNAL wifi immediately connected properly and received a DHCP address.
Doesn't make much sense, as the Tenda uses a generic ralink chipset, which I believe is different than the airport's chipset, but apparently something in the installer made a difference.
It's been a couple of days....multiple reboots, sleeps, network switching and everything is working like it should!
For anyone in my situation, it certainly can't hurt!
Good luck!!