Well, it doesn't necessarily HAVE to be set in 2013. I just set mine in 2013 and that's what worked for me. I wanted to make sure my Date was set sometime after Mavericks was released to the public, so I settled on late 2013.
My post was to verify that you were setting the date after you booted into the USB stick, ie not in Single User Mode or any other method. It appears you have correctly set the date, so we can rule out that part of the problem.
Unfortunately as you said, your laptop was shipped with 10.6, so that gets rid of the recovery partition option. Do you have any 10.6 CD-ROMs laying around that you can boot to and reinstall (put disk in, hold down C key as it boots)?
You may be able to bring it to the Apple store and let them know you tried the Mavericks upgrade and now the system won't boot. You're out of warranty on your machine and I'm not sure if it'll cost anything, but they may be able to hellp out for a nominal fee. Sadly I don't think there's any way to purchase 10.7, 10.8, or 10.9 media to boot to, it all went digital distribution a few years ago.