The reason we point to 3rd party software is because a lot of other issues on 10.9 have been resolved by removing old software, specifically system level extensions & launchd jobs (background & auto-starting tasks).
It does look like this could be just a Mavericks bug, but I'm unwilling to categorically claim it is the fault of 10.9 alone when users have additional software that may be contributing to the issue.
This thread has reports of Aperture, Calendar, Calendar Agent, Finder, Mail, Safari, iTunes, Numbers, Pages, Spotify… causing the dialog to appear, weirdly there are also 2 users who report seeing it on 10.8.5 too.
2 Pages back Somawise said a safe boot resolved it.
Mr A.M. wrote:
I went into Activity Monitor and the 1 thing maxing out my ram was Kernal_task, nothing else.
I know that the Kernal_task is the thing that runs when the computer sometimes is idle ( it's some kind of maintenance for OS X or something ) but this was the first time It locked things up so bad ( Had a 2007 iMac before this and it would run, but not to lock it up like this )
So know that this is a Mavericks issue, not your issue or any 3rd party issue.
( All I personally did is select to close all the applications it showed, restarted from the finder Menu and I'm a-ok now )
FYI kernel task is the first process that is started on boot (it has a process id of 0). It oversees everything. launchd is the second process that is started, hence the theory (and evidence in these forums) that old code running at these low levels can do bad things to the entire OS (but it probably is not be the case here).
My understanding is that kernel task can 'inherit' leaked memory from processes it was responsible for, so massive RAM usage in kernel task may not be a fault in the kernel task, it could be one of it's many 'child processes'.
The intricacies of this are where my knowledge ceases, however I would still look for logs in Console (in Utilities folder) that were created around the time of the alert (perhaps in system.log and kernel.log).
I'd also see if there is any visible sign that an application is using lots of RAM, or writing lots of data to/from disk, or getting a lot of messages in Activity Monitor. You will need to enable extra columns to see certain statistics & show all processes to see a full picture.
Finding a way to provoke the issue into appearing is half the battle, then we can properly look at it.