I had this problem and ended up fixing it. It's not glamorous, but it worked.
I am a photographer, and keep all of my currently open projects on a G-Drive Mini (1TB, FW 800 USB 3). After updating my main MacBook (MBPr, late-2013, 13", 2.8) to Mavericks, I could see the names of the Aperture Libraries on the drive, but could not access them. I corroborated their existence with the amount of data available on the drive, as seen in the finder window. Screen shot here: www.bephotographs.com/screenshot
After reading about the issue, I came to the conclusion everyone else did here; that it was the drive-maker's software that was causing the issue. This made sense since other externals - that I know I had reformatted in the past - worked fine.
Luckily, I had one MacBook with Mountain Lion on it. I plugged in the drive, plugged in another 1TB drive (Seagate Back-Up Plus, 1TB, USB 3), and transferred all 850GB to it. I then reformatted the G-Drive, put the data back on, and plugged it into my Mavericks MBP. ALL THE LIBRARIES WERE THERE!
Like I said, not glamorous, took forever, but at the end of the day, everything is fine. I lost a couple days of productivity due to this whole fiasco, but I suppose the lesson to be learned here is to jsut reformat an external before using it for the first time. Unless you actually want the pre-installed software that comes along with it.
Hope this helps.
Brandon