My Anecdote (seems to solve it for me).
2011 MBA, 389 cycle count.
After upgrading to Mavericks I noticed no difference in power usage & battery life.
However I have been using a 3rd party tool for my status bar battery:
https://github.com/codler/Battery-Time-Remaining
Reading about Mavericks upgraded battery monitoring I removed it and reenable the os x batter monitor in the status bar.
Very soon, by I noticed fans whirring and poor battery life (it didnt click at this point).
I check Activity Monitor and notice 2 tasks taking approx 99% cpu each (systemstats & kernal_task).
Reboots ensured - problem still there
Reset SMC - no change
This morning I remembered the battery tool and tried disabling the Mavericks battery monitor (in Energy Saver Prefs) and rebooting.
Problem instantly solved.
Ive gone back to the batty monitor I used previously on ML, and no problems.
(I now have 31% battery showing 1:59 left)
This seems to be the issue for me (I never got the service battry warning - but I did notice the tasks burnign up the CPU)
Hope this helps someone..