I had this problem myself.
Checked the system log with Console, and I found the entry:-
Nov 11 11:16:41 teds-new-mac.ad.mycompany.co.uk ocspd[537]: Authentication challenge received for "10.203.39.212:8080", unable to obtain proxy server credential from System keychain.
For some unknown reason, Mavericks seems to be looking in the System keychain, when these credentials are actually held in the Login keychain.
So, I tried "Copy & Paste" - copying the https user name & password from the Login keychain and pasting into the System keychain, which worked but it's not quite as straightforward as I initially thought.
Pasting into the System Keychain was, I found a not-very-intuitive process:
Having opened your Login Keychain, click once on the item to be copied and when it's highlighted, select "Copy" from the Edit menu or, of course, cmd+c.
Select the System Keychain:- DO NOT CLICK THE PADLOCK IN THE TOP LEFT TO UNLOCK IT.
From the Edit menu, select "Paste" or cmd+v.
You will then get a dialogue box,, enter your administrator's password and select "Modify Keychain" or just hit return, as it's the default entry.
I found a restart was in order before it recognised everything and would accept https pages without alert boxes, but YMMV.
Funnily enough - and this is where it seems counter-intuitive, if you do click on the padlock and unlock the System Keychain, "Paste" is greyed out in the Edit menu and cmd+v has no effect.
Exactly the opposite to what I'd expect..