I was having this exact thing happen. It was after a TimeMachine restore that it first showed up.
Whenever I clicked on iCloud in the System Preferences, System Preferences just plain quits and nothing else happened. It happened with the Mail, Contacts and Calendars preferences as well.
I tried re-installing a fresh copy of 10.8 over the TimeMachine restore. That didn't help.
I finally figured it out by launching "Console" and watching what happened as I tried to launch iCloud prefs again. It was having a problem with some file that was "read only" in this location:
12/4/13 1:17:49.922 PM System Preferences[244]: Attempting to move old store file to /Users/(my user name)/Library/Containers/com.apple.Notes/Data/Library/Notes/Backups/2013-12-04- -13:17:49--V1.storedata and create a new empty store file
So I navigated to that folder, and noticed that several of the items there were "LOCKED", with the little lock icon. I did "apple-I" to "get info" on each of those and unlocked them, and VOILA, it all started working again.
I have noticed that after the TimeMachine "restore", many, MANY files suddenly had the "lock" icon, and evidently it "LOCKS" files that should NOT be "locked." Things as inconsequential as photo files were locked. I have no idea why, but that "locking" by Time Machine was the source of the entire problem with iCloud and Mail, Contacts and Calendars preference panes NOT LAUNCHING.
I hope this helps somebody!