I just wanted to add I am having this problem too, with a few additional variables and data points:
1. Mac Pro is being used as server.
2. Windows 8.1 running on Macs using Parallels. (No actual Windows machines.)
3. Mac side has no server issues.
4. Windows side has frequent permissions issues with Filemaker Pro and AutoCAD locking files such that a user cannot open a file they closed a moment ago, or, a user creates a file, and someone else can't access it, or someone else does access it, and the original user cannot access it again.
5. A constant stream of smbd errors in the console:
5/20/14 5:02:09.825 PM smbd[260]: File system does not support 0X40000, file attrs
5/20/14 5:02:09.825 PM smbd[260]: File system does not support 0X0 time attrs
6. We were not using Open Directory until recently. We turned it on to allow finer control over Filemaker Pro access.
7. I've noticed that some users are listed as "Local Users" but new users are shown as "Local Network Users." All users were created via the Server app, but some in Mountain Lion (prior to upgrading), and some added in Mavericks.
I'm about to try turning off SMB2/3 on the Windows clients. Also, I noticed that our Parallels configuration has changed over time, and some users are using the Network in Shared mode, and others are in Bridge mode. I plan to make all users Bridge mode.
We are running Server 3.1.1 and Mavericks 10.9.3. Some users are still on Mountain Lion, and some are on Mavericks. This seems to have no bearing on who experiences the problem, although it seems that one of the Mavericks users is more likely to cause other users to be locked out after opening a file.
I'll report back here if I make any progress, but I hope these notes will help someone who is trying to analyze possible causes of this issue.